在華人經濟圈當中，哪個地區的民眾最幸福？
首度進行的跨國幸福經濟大調查，發現新加坡人民幸福指數最高，也是其他地區華人羨慕的對象。
文∕邱莉燕
調查執行 遠見民調中心、北京零點研究、 香港《信報》、香港中文大學亞太研究所、 新加坡《聯合早報》、新加坡報業控股市場部
以人民的幸福衡量一個國家的進步及競爭力，日益成為風行全球的新顯學。
追隨這股世界趨勢，《遠見雜誌》創華人世界之先，結合大陸北京零點研究、香港《信報》與香港中文大學亞太研究所，
以及新加坡《聯合早報》、新加坡報業控股市場部，共同進行第一份華人經濟體的「兩岸四地幸福經濟大調查」。
這份跨國調查歷時四個月完成，調查方法參考經濟合作開發組織（OECD）的「美好生活指數」（Your Better Life Index），
一共擇選居住、收入、就業、教育、健康、社會支持、生活滿意度、工作與生活平衡、安全、政府治理、自然環境等11個面向進行調查。
這11個面向、共22個指標，包含統計資料與四地民眾的電話民意調查，硬加軟、主觀加客觀，綜合比較四地華人幸福經濟。
本次調查最大亮點是詢問，四地民眾如何互看彼此的幸福感。
當問到，「你認為下列哪個地區的民眾最幸福？」結果有著驚人的相似，也有耐人尋味的差異。
首先，無論是哪個國家和地區，四地民眾均一致認為新加坡最幸福。
台灣、新加坡看法傾向一致 在彼此互看方面，台灣、香港與大陸三地，也都認為新加坡比自己居住的地方幸福。
大陸人回答，新加坡最幸福比例32％，超過認為大陸幸福的比例（23.3％）。
而台灣人選新加坡最幸福的比例40.3％，也微幅高於台灣39％。
香港人認為新加坡人幸福比例更高達48.8％，遠遠高於香港25.5％。
自己看自己國家的幸福度，新加坡人最高，51.9％的新加坡民眾認為自己的國家最幸福。
台灣次之，有39.7％；香港排第三，25.5％：大陸最後一名，只有23.3％的大陸人，認為大陸人最幸福。
再來，新加坡、香港、台灣，都把大陸看成不幸福的地方，而且比例都出奇低，三地認為大陸幸福的比例只在3～4％間。
四地間，台灣人與新加坡人的看法比較傾向一致。
除了台灣人認為新加坡人最幸福外，新加坡人認為四地中第二幸福的地方是台灣，比例達29.8％。
兩地民眾除了一致認為大陸不幸福外，也均認為香港人不幸福。
不過在中國大陸的民眾心中，儘管陸客哈台，每年250萬大陸客遊台灣，但大陸民眾卻視台灣為四地中最不幸福。
除了首次進行的四地民眾互看，反應了很多有趣的現象外，本次也在兩岸四地，各自進行約1000份的電話問卷，
詢問當地民眾對於11項與幸福相關面向的滿意度。 由於四地人民心中滿意度的那把尺不同，
四地的政治體制與社會狀況也不同，因此無法直接拿民眾回答的滿意度來進行四地高低排名，
但卻可了解四地居民對於生活面向滿意度的優劣順序。
四地民眾皆不滿政府施政 採用統計學計算方法，將11個面向換算成分數，最高滿意度的代表10分，最低滿意度的代表0分，
可計算出各地民眾對於11個面向的滿意度排序，反映各地人民的真實心情。
當詢問受訪民眾在11個面向的滿意度時，最滿意的是人身安全，第二滿意是居住房屋。
至於台灣人心目中落在0分、最不滿意的是政府施政。
這不難理解。近幾年台灣人的集體焦慮，在於政府效能喪失，已成為人們心中最大的痛。
但整體而言，台灣治安不錯、自有住宅率超過八成，人民在這些方面滿意度高。
再來看中國大陸，民眾最滿意的是親友支持度，再來是個人健康狀況，最不滿意的是汙染防治。
大陸經過快速發展的30年，環境汙染嚴重，可以理解為何民眾對汙染最不滿意。 再來看香港。
香港跟台灣有點類似，最滿意人身安全，至於政府施政則落在0分，是人民最不滿意的項目。
至於新加坡，人民最滿意的是居住房屋，其次是人身安全，最不滿意的則是收入狀況，其次則為休閒時間。
四地民眾較滿意人身安全 其實比較四地民眾對11個面向的滿意度優先順序，可以找出共同性。
共同性是華人社會的治安比較好，除了大陸外，台灣、香港與新加坡人民，均非常滿意個人人身安全，幾乎都落在10分。
除了香港因為房價天價，比較不滿意居住狀況外，台灣、新加坡對於居住房屋的滿意度也都頗高，拿到8分以上。
而四地民眾最不滿意的倒數項目，均包括政府施政。
其實四地的政治制度有極大差異，台灣是絕對的民主、大陸是共產黨專政、新加坡雖有議會與選舉，
但不算西方民主制度，香港由大陸派特首治理，
但不管哪種體制，似乎四地民眾對政府施政都不是滿意度很高，
台灣與香港民眾在政府施政滿意度落在0分，新加坡0.9分，大陸也才2.9分。
另外對於目前收入的滿意度，四地民眾均不太滿意。
台灣只拿3.1分，香港拿4.8分，令人意外的是國民所得超過台灣兩倍的新加坡，在這項分數拿0分，
而經濟持續起飛的大陸民眾滿意度也只有2.2分。
顯然全球經濟遲緩，即便大陸與新加坡也受衝擊，人民對荷包都不太滿意。
本次調查，除了11面向的民眾滿意度之外，同時還參考OECD調查方式，
進行客觀「硬指標」比較。 在四地共同可取得數據資料的七大面向、共11個跟幸福相關的次指標比較，
結果總排名，新加坡排第一、台灣第二、香港第三、大陸第四。
排名第一的新加坡在家戶連網率、收入、就業等三大面向均拿第一。
上網是現代化生活必備，家戶連網比率愈高意味居住愈便利，
在這一項，新加坡表現最好，台灣次之，香港第三，而中國大陸有一半以上的人沒辦法上網，表現最低。
佐證每戶每年可支配所得的客觀數據，新加坡最高，達9萬5176美元，香港8萬2683美元，皆屬高所得。
台灣則是4萬468美元，高於中國大陸的1萬332美元。
硬體總排名第二的台灣則有兩大面向、三項次指標排入四地第一。
一是15歲以上大專程度占39％，比例遠高於大陸（11.2％）與香港（26.8％）。
華人工作時數偏長 台灣最低 台灣在縮小貧富差距上也是四地表現最好的，家庭收入前20％與最低20％級距是6.1倍，
遠遠低於其他三地（均超過15倍），顯示台灣的貧富差距雖比過去嚴重，但跟其他區域比，表現不錯。
台灣人常常抱怨工時太長，但跟勤奮的其他華人經濟體比較，在人均週工時的次指標上，
大陸是工作狂，平均每週工作高達46.2小時，香港也不遑多讓，是46小時，台灣的平均工作時數最少，為每週44.6小時，四地最低。
硬體指標總排名第三的香港則在健康與自然環境兩大面向、三項次指標排第一。
香港在零歲平均餘命、初生嬰兒死亡率與健康狀況滿意度3個次指標組成的健康面向，
得分令人刮目相看，83歲的零歲平均餘命，是四地最長壽。1.3％的初生嬰兒死亡率，亦是四地之冠。
自然環境上，香港的燃料燃燒CO2排放量四地最低，大陸則最高，達72.7，顯示是個汙染大國。
如同眾多幸福研究的結論，高失業率折損掉的快樂，遠多於高通膨，
工作是幸福來源之一，失業後隨之失去的是收入與自尊。
中國大陸表現較突出的，就在勞動參與率方面拿第一。
不僅高達74.1％的就業率拿到四地最高，尤其婦女就業率67.7％，
表現更突出，顯示「社會主義大家庭」中女性撐起半邊天。
對比之下，台灣整體勞動參與率是四地最低，可能與愈來愈多人提早退休、婦女就業比率較低有關。
整體而言，同樣是華人為主的經濟體，中國大陸、台灣、香港、新加坡在硬指標與主觀滿意度上均呈現相似處，也出現極大差異。
如何增進華人幸福經濟，四地不妨相互觀摩學習。
【本文摘自遠見雜誌11月號；更多文章請上遠見雜誌網：http://www.gvm.com.tw】
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2013年11月12日 星期二
2011年12月7日 星期三
PCL-R 20-item checklist 檢核表
Hare's PCL-R 20-item checklist
Hare's PCL-R 20-item checklist is based on Cleckley's 16-item checklist, and the following is a discussion of the concepts in the PCL-R:
1. GLIB and SUPERFICIAL CHARM(談吐流利/表象迷人的) -- the tendency to be smooth, engaging, charming, slick, and verbally facile. Psychopathic charm is not in the least shy, self-conscious, or afraid to say anything. A psychopath never gets tongue-tied. They have freed themselves from the social conventions about taking turns in talking, for example.
2. GRANDIOSE SELF-WORTH(吹噓或誇大自我) -- a grossly inflated view of one's abilities and self-worth, self-assured, opinionated, cocky, a braggart. Psychopaths are arrogant people who believe they are superior human beings.
3. NEED FOR STIMULATION (追求刺激) or PRONENESS TO BOREDOM (容易不耐煩)– ()an excessive need for novel, thrilling, and exciting stimulation; taking chances and doing things that are risky. Psychopaths often have a low self- discipline in carrying tasks through to completion because they get bored easily. They fail to work at the same job for any length of time, for example, or to finish tasks that they consider dull or routine.
4. PATHOLOGICAL LYING(病態的說謊傾向) -- can be moderate or high; in moderate form, they will be shrewd, crafty, cunning, sly, and clever; in extreme form, they will be deceptive, deceitful, underhanded, unscrupulous, manipulative, and dishonest.
5. CONNING AND MANIPULATIVENESS(欺騙且操縱) - the use of deceit and deception to cheat, con, or defraud others for personal gain; distinguished from Item # 4 in the degree to which exploitation and callous ruthlessness is present, as reflected in a lack of concern for the feelings and suffering of one's victims.
6. LACK OF REMORSE OR GUILT (對被害人缺乏悔意或罪惡感) -- a lack of feelings or concern for the losses, pain, and suffering of victims; a tendency to be unconcerned, dispassionate, coldhearted, and unempathic. This item is usually demonstrated by a disdain for one's victims.
7. SHALLOW AFFECT(淺薄或虛偽的情感) -- emotional poverty or a limited range or depth of feelings; interpersonal coldness in spite of signs of open gregariousness.
8. CALLOUSNESS麻木不仁and LACK OF EMPATHY (缺乏同情心) -- a lack of feelings toward people in general; cold, contemptuous, inconsiderate, and tactless.
9. PARASITIC LIFESTYLE(依賴他人過活的生活方式) -- an intentional, manipulative, selfish, and exploitative financial dependence on others as reflected in a lack of motivation, low self-discipline, and inability to begin or complete responsibilities.
10. POOR BEHAVIORAL CONTROLS (自我控制差)-- expressions of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, aggression, and verbal abuse; inadequate control of anger and temper; acting hastily.
11. PROMISCUOUS SEXUAL BEHAVIOR(雜亂的性關係) -- a variety of brief, superficial relations, numerous affairs, and an indiscriminate selection of sexual partners; the maintenance of several relationships at the same time; a history of attempts to sexually coerce others into sexual activity or taking great pride at discussing sexual exploits or conquests.
12. EARLY BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS (早年的行為問題)-- a variety of behaviors prior to age 13, including lying, theft, cheating, vandalism, bullying, sexual activity, fire-setting, glue-sniffing, alcohol use, and running away from home.
13. LACK OF REALISTIC, LONG-TERM GOALS(缺乏實際且長遠的目標) -- an inability or persistent failure to develop and execute long-term plans and goals; a nomadic existence, aimless, lacking direction in life.
14. IMPULSIVITY(容易衝動的) -- the occurrence of behaviors that are unpremeditated and lack reflection or planning; inability to resist temptation, frustrations, and urges; a lack of deliberation without considering the consequences; foolhardy, rash, unpredictable, erratic, and reckless.
15. IRRESPONSIBILITY(無責任感) -- repeated failure to fulfill or honor obligations and commitments; such as not paying bills, defaulting on loans, performing sloppy work, being absent or late to work, failing to honor contractual agreements.
16. FAILURE TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR OWN ACTIONS (不接受自己的(犯罪)行為責任 )-- a failure to accept responsibility for one's actions reflected in low conscientiousness, an absence of dutifulness, antagonistic manipulation, denial of responsibility, and an effort to manipulate others through this denial.
17. MANY SHORT-TERM MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS (多次短暫的婚姻（同居）關係)-- a lack of commitment to a long-term relationship reflected in inconsistent, undependable, and unreliable commitments in life, including marital.
18. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY (少年偏差行為) -- behavior problems between the ages of 13- 18; mostly behaviors that are crimes or clearly involve aspects of antagonism, exploitation, aggression, manipulation, or a callous, ruthless tough-mindedness.
19. REVOCATION OF CONDITION RELEASE(被撤銷緩刑或假釋) -- a revocation of probation or other conditional release due to technical violations, such as carelessness, low deliberation, or failing to appear.
20. CRIMINAL VERSATILITY (犯罪行為多樣化) -- a diversity of types of criminal offenses, regardless if the person has been arrested or convicted for them; taking great pride at getting away with crimes.
Hare's PCL-R 20-item checklist is based on Cleckley's 16-item checklist, and the following is a discussion of the concepts in the PCL-R:
1. GLIB and SUPERFICIAL CHARM(談吐流利/表象迷人的) -- the tendency to be smooth, engaging, charming, slick, and verbally facile. Psychopathic charm is not in the least shy, self-conscious, or afraid to say anything. A psychopath never gets tongue-tied. They have freed themselves from the social conventions about taking turns in talking, for example.
2. GRANDIOSE SELF-WORTH(吹噓或誇大自我) -- a grossly inflated view of one's abilities and self-worth, self-assured, opinionated, cocky, a braggart. Psychopaths are arrogant people who believe they are superior human beings.
3. NEED FOR STIMULATION (追求刺激) or PRONENESS TO BOREDOM (容易不耐煩)– ()an excessive need for novel, thrilling, and exciting stimulation; taking chances and doing things that are risky. Psychopaths often have a low self- discipline in carrying tasks through to completion because they get bored easily. They fail to work at the same job for any length of time, for example, or to finish tasks that they consider dull or routine.
4. PATHOLOGICAL LYING(病態的說謊傾向) -- can be moderate or high; in moderate form, they will be shrewd, crafty, cunning, sly, and clever; in extreme form, they will be deceptive, deceitful, underhanded, unscrupulous, manipulative, and dishonest.
5. CONNING AND MANIPULATIVENESS(欺騙且操縱) - the use of deceit and deception to cheat, con, or defraud others for personal gain; distinguished from Item # 4 in the degree to which exploitation and callous ruthlessness is present, as reflected in a lack of concern for the feelings and suffering of one's victims.
6. LACK OF REMORSE OR GUILT (對被害人缺乏悔意或罪惡感) -- a lack of feelings or concern for the losses, pain, and suffering of victims; a tendency to be unconcerned, dispassionate, coldhearted, and unempathic. This item is usually demonstrated by a disdain for one's victims.
7. SHALLOW AFFECT(淺薄或虛偽的情感) -- emotional poverty or a limited range or depth of feelings; interpersonal coldness in spite of signs of open gregariousness.
8. CALLOUSNESS麻木不仁and LACK OF EMPATHY (缺乏同情心) -- a lack of feelings toward people in general; cold, contemptuous, inconsiderate, and tactless.
9. PARASITIC LIFESTYLE(依賴他人過活的生活方式) -- an intentional, manipulative, selfish, and exploitative financial dependence on others as reflected in a lack of motivation, low self-discipline, and inability to begin or complete responsibilities.
10. POOR BEHAVIORAL CONTROLS (自我控制差)-- expressions of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, aggression, and verbal abuse; inadequate control of anger and temper; acting hastily.
11. PROMISCUOUS SEXUAL BEHAVIOR(雜亂的性關係) -- a variety of brief, superficial relations, numerous affairs, and an indiscriminate selection of sexual partners; the maintenance of several relationships at the same time; a history of attempts to sexually coerce others into sexual activity or taking great pride at discussing sexual exploits or conquests.
12. EARLY BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS (早年的行為問題)-- a variety of behaviors prior to age 13, including lying, theft, cheating, vandalism, bullying, sexual activity, fire-setting, glue-sniffing, alcohol use, and running away from home.
13. LACK OF REALISTIC, LONG-TERM GOALS(缺乏實際且長遠的目標) -- an inability or persistent failure to develop and execute long-term plans and goals; a nomadic existence, aimless, lacking direction in life.
14. IMPULSIVITY(容易衝動的) -- the occurrence of behaviors that are unpremeditated and lack reflection or planning; inability to resist temptation, frustrations, and urges; a lack of deliberation without considering the consequences; foolhardy, rash, unpredictable, erratic, and reckless.
15. IRRESPONSIBILITY(無責任感) -- repeated failure to fulfill or honor obligations and commitments; such as not paying bills, defaulting on loans, performing sloppy work, being absent or late to work, failing to honor contractual agreements.
16. FAILURE TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR OWN ACTIONS (不接受自己的(犯罪)行為責任 )-- a failure to accept responsibility for one's actions reflected in low conscientiousness, an absence of dutifulness, antagonistic manipulation, denial of responsibility, and an effort to manipulate others through this denial.
17. MANY SHORT-TERM MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS (多次短暫的婚姻（同居）關係)-- a lack of commitment to a long-term relationship reflected in inconsistent, undependable, and unreliable commitments in life, including marital.
18. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY (少年偏差行為) -- behavior problems between the ages of 13- 18; mostly behaviors that are crimes or clearly involve aspects of antagonism, exploitation, aggression, manipulation, or a callous, ruthless tough-mindedness.
19. REVOCATION OF CONDITION RELEASE(被撤銷緩刑或假釋) -- a revocation of probation or other conditional release due to technical violations, such as carelessness, low deliberation, or failing to appear.
20. CRIMINAL VERSATILITY (犯罪行為多樣化) -- a diversity of types of criminal offenses, regardless if the person has been arrested or convicted for them; taking great pride at getting away with crimes.
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